ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Antibodies mediate pathogen neutralization in addition to several cytotoxic Fc functions through engaging cellular receptors and recruiting effector cells. Fc effector functions have been well described in disease control and protection against infectious diseases including HIV, Ebola, malaria, influenza and tuberculosis, making them attractive targets for vaccine design. AREAS COVERED: We briefly summarize the role of Fc effector functions in disease control and protection in viral, bacterial and parasitic infectious diseases. We review Fc effector function in passive immunization and vaccination, and primarily focus on strategies to elicit and modulate these functions as part of a robust vaccine strategy. EXPERT OPINION: Despite their known correlation with vaccine efficacy for several diseases, only recently have seminal studies addressed how these Fc effector functions can be elicited and modulated in vaccination. However, gaps remain in assay standardization and the precise mechanisms of diverse functional assays. Furthermore, there are inherent difficulties in the translation of findings from animal models to humans, given the difference in sequence, expression and function of Fc receptors and Fc portions of antibodies. However, overall it is clear that vaccine development to elicit Fc effector function is an important goal for optimal prevention against infectious disease.
Subject(s)
Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology , Receptors, Fc/physiology , Viral Vaccines/chemical synthesis , Animals , Humans , Receptors, Fc/immunology , Viral Vaccines/immunologySubject(s)
Access to Information , COVID-19/epidemiology , Communication , Laboratory Personnel/organization & administration , Social Media/organization & administration , Biomedical Research/organization & administration , Biomedical Research/standards , Clinical Trials as Topic/organization & administration , Clinical Trials as Topic/standards , Female , History, 21st Century , Humans , Laboratory Personnel/statistics & numerical data , Male , Pandemics , Patient Education as Topic/organization & administration , Patient Education as Topic/standards , Patient Participation/methods , Social Media/standards , Viral Vaccines/chemical synthesis , Viral Vaccines/supply & distribution , Viral Vaccines/therapeutic useSubject(s)
Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Coronavirus Infections/therapy , Global Health , Health Care Reform , International Cooperation , Pandemics , Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology , Pneumonia, Viral/therapy , Betacoronavirus/immunology , COVID-19 , Competitive Behavior , Drug Development/organization & administration , Drug Development/standards , Global Health/standards , Health Care Reform/organization & administration , Health Care Reform/standards , Humans , Mass Vaccination/organization & administration , Mass Vaccination/standards , Public Health/methods , Public Health/standards , SARS-CoV-2 , Uncertainty , Viral Vaccines/chemical synthesis , Viral Vaccines/supply & distribution , Viral Vaccines/therapeutic use , World Health Organization/organization & administrationSubject(s)
Developed Countries/economics , Developed Countries/statistics & numerical data , Global Health/ethics , Healthcare Disparities/ethics , Healthcare Disparities/statistics & numerical data , Viral Vaccines/economics , Viral Vaccines/supply & distribution , COVID-19 Vaccines , Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic , Confidentiality , Coronavirus Infections/economics , Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control , Drug Approval , Drug Costs/ethics , Drug Industry/economics , Drug Industry/ethics , Global Health/statistics & numerical data , Hoarding/economics , Humans , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology , International Cooperation , Needs Assessment/ethics , Time Factors , Viral Vaccines/biosynthesis , Viral Vaccines/chemical synthesisABSTRACT
COVID-19 is the pandemic outbreak that is caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus from December, 2019. Human race do not know the curative measure of this devastating disease. In today's era of nanotechnology, it may use its knowledge to develop molecular vaccine to combat this disease. In this article we are intended to propose a hypothesis on the development of a vaccine that is molecular in nature to work against COVID-19. The nanoconjugate may comprise with the inorganic nanoparticle layered double hydroxide intercalated with shRNA-plasmid that have a sequence targeting towards the viral genome or viral mRNA. This nanoconjugate may be used as a nasal spray to deliver the shRNA-plasmid to the target site. The nanoconjugate will have several advantages such as they are biocompatible, they forms as stable knockdown to the target cells and they are stable in the nasal mucosa.